#include<iostream>
Include this file whenever using C++ I/O
#include<iomanip>
This file must be included for most C++ manipulators.
If you don't know what a manipulator is, don't worry.
Just include this file along with iostream and you can't go wrong
#include<fstream>
Include this file whenever working with files.
By default, leading whitespace (carriage returns, tabs, spaces) is ignored by cin.
Given:
int i;
float fl;
std::cin >> fl;
std::cin >> i;
1. And you type: 3.14
2. Since std::cin ignores whitespace, the first return is "eaten" by std::cin >> i . Then the integer 42 is read into i and the second return is left on the input buffer.
std::cin.getline() can run into problems when used with std::cin >> var.
* getline can be provided a third argument--a "stop" character. This character ends getline's input. The character is eaten and the string is terminated. Example:
std::cin.getline(str, 100, '|')
* If std::cin.getline() is not provided a "stop" character as a third argument, it will stop when it reaches a newline.
Given:
float fl;
std::cin >> fl;
char str[101]
std::cin.getline(str, 101);
1. And you type: 3.14
2. 3.14 is read into fl . The newline following the 3.14 is still sitting on the input buffer.
3. std::cin.getline(str, 101) immediately processes the newline that is still on the input buffer. str becomes an empty string.
4. The illusion is that the application "skipped" the std::cin.getline() statement.
The solution is to add std::cin.ignore(); immediately after the first std::cin statement. This will grab a character off of the input buffer (in this case, newline) and discard it.
std::cin.ignore() can be called three different ways:
1. No arguments: A single character is taken from the input buffer and discarded:
std::cin.ignore(); //discard 1 character
2. One argument: The number of characters specified are taken from the input buffer and discarded:
std::cin.ignore(33); //discard 33 characters
3. Two arguments: discard the number of characters specified, or discard characters up to and including the specified delimiter (whichever comes first):
std::cin.ignore(26, '\n'); //ignore 26 characters or to a newline, whichever comes first
Reading in numbers directly is problematic
* If std::cin is presented with input it cannot process, std::cin goes into a "fail" state
* The input it cannot process is left on the input stream.
* All input will be ignored by std::cin until the "fail" state is cleared: std::cin.clear()
* A routine that reads a number directly should:
1. Read in the number
2. Check to see that the input stream is still valid
3. If the input stream is not good (!std::cin)
1. Call std::cin.clear() to take the stream out of the "fail" state.
2. Remove from the stream the input that caused the problem: std::cin.ignore(...)
3. Get the input again if appropriate or otherwise handle the error
Inputing numbers directly, version 1:
#include
float fl;
int bad_input;
do{
bad_input=0;
std::cin >> fl;
if(!std::cin)
{
bad_input=1;
std::cin.clear();
std::cin.ignore(std::numeric_limits
}
}while(bad_input);
Inputing numbers directly, version 2:
#include
float fl;
while(!(std::cin >> fl))
{
std::cin.clear();
std::cin.ignore(std::numeric_limits
}
A note on limits. If your compiler doesn't support std::numeric_limits
#include
...
std::cin.ignore(INT_MAX, '\n');
Using getline to input numbers is a more robust alternate to reading numbers directly
#include
...
int i;
float fl;
char temp[100];
std::cin.getline(temp, 100);
fl=strtof(temp,0);
std::cin.getline(temp, 100);
i=strtol(temp,0,10);
* getline will read both strings and numbers without going into a "fail" state.
* Include cstdlib to use the converter functions: string-to-long-integer (strtol), string-to-double (strtod), string-to-float (strtof), and string-to-long-double (strtold). Refer to a reference for more information on the second (and third for strtol) arguments to these converter functions.
Once a file is opened, it may be used exactly as std::cin is used.
std::ifstream someVarName("data.txt");
float fl;
char temp[100];
someVarName.getline(temp, 100);
fl=strtof(temp);
int i;
someVarName >> i;
When reading an entire file, embed the file input inside of the loop condition
std::ifstream inf("data.txt");
char temp[100];
while(!inf.getline(temp, 100).eof())
{
//process the line
}
* the loop will exit once the end of the file is reached
Getline can be told to stop grabbing input at any designated character
char temp[100];
std::cin.getline(temp, 100, '|');
* If only two arguments are supplied to getline, getline will stop at the end of the line (at the newline character).
* If three arguments are supplied to getline, getline will stop at the character designated by the third argument.
* The stop character is not copied to the string.
* The stop character is "eaten" (removed from the input stream).
Delimited files can easily be read using a while loop and getline.
Given data file:
John|83|52.2
swimming|Jefferson
Jane|26|10.09
sprinting|San Marin
Process using:
std::ifstream inf("data.txt");
char name[30];
while(!inf.getline(name, 30, '|').eof())
{
Athlete* ap;
char jersey_number[10];
char best_time[10];
char sport[40];
char high_school[40];
inf.getline(jersey_number, 10, '|'); #read thru pipe
inf.getline(best_time, 10); #read thru newline
inf.getline(sport, 40, '|'); #read thru pipe
inf.getline(high_school, 40); #read thru newline
ap = new Athlete(name, strtod(number), strtof(best_time), sport, high_school);
//do something with ap
}
* In a delimited file, only the first field should be in the while loop
* For each field: If the field is the last field in the line or the only field in the line, be sure that getline stops at a newline and not some other delimiter
Using C++-style strings
All of the previous examples have assumed that C-style strings (null-terminated character arrays) were being used. C++ provides a string class that, when combined with a particular "getline" function, can dynamically resize to accommodate user input. In general, C++ strings are preferred over C strings.
Here is the same code shown above, this time using C++ strings:
#include
std::ifstream inf("data.txt");
string name;
while(!std::getline(inf, name, '|').eof())
{
Athlete* ap;
std::string jersey_number;
std::string best_time;
std::string sport;
string high_school;
std::getline(inf, jersey_number, '|'); #read thru pipe
std::getline(inf, best_time); #read thru newline
std::getline(inf, sport, '|'); #read thru pipe
std::getline(inf, high_school); #read thru newline
ap = new Athlete(name, strtod(number.c_str()),
strtof(best_time.c_str()), sport, high_school);
//do something with ap
}
How to prepare the output stream to print fixed precision numbers (3.40 instead of 3.4)
std::cout.setf(ios::fixed, ios::floatfield);
std::cout.setf(ios::showpoint);
std::cout.precision(2);
How to set the width of a printing field
Given: int one=4, two=44;
std::cout << one << std::endl.;
//output: "4"
std::cout << setw(2) << one << std::endl.;
//output: " 4"
std::cout.fill('X');
std::cout << setw(2) << one << std::endl.;
//output: "X4"
std::cout.fill('X');
std::cout << setw(2) << two << std::endl.;
//output: "44"
* The default fill character is a space.
* A common fill character when printing numbers is zero "0".
